Tuesday, February 18, 2020
The Need for Management Accounting Information Essay
The Need for Management Accounting Information - Essay Example Management accounting is a branch of accounting that provides accounting information for use by the management internally (Drury 7). Sharma duly notes that the accounting information provided by management accountants is utilized in decision making by a firm (Sharma 100). The information forms a basis for informed decisions to be made. It is imperative to have the relevant information before making decisions especially those that have immense impacts on the fortunes of an organization. Concrete management decisions, if based on reliably generated management information, can ensure profitability (Riahi-Belkaoui 28). Management information simplifies complex accounting phenomena drawn from different disciplines, classify them and present them in a way that managers can understand and, consequently, make informed decisions. Okoli asserts that the value of making the right decisions cannot be overstated; it is extremely valuable than indecision and, certainly, more desirable than wrong d ecisions (Okoli 53). For a profit making organization, the indecision of a manager is as bad as making the wrong decision. This paper delves into the impact that management accounting information has on a management decision making hoping to show the need for managers to be furnished with this kind of information. In an effort to achieve that objective this paper starts by highlighting the characteristics of management accounting information and differentiating it from financial accounting information.
Tuesday, February 4, 2020
Louis Riel Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Louis Riel - Essay Example At one point, he attempted taking legal studies, but these attempts failed (Thomas 1887, p. 35-67).1 Despite the failed attempts to study religious studies and legal studies, Riel continued to give his opinion on issues of religion and political reforms. When giving his opinions, Riel appeared to be contended with whatever he said, and he never allowed anyone to oppose his opinions. His discussions were done using a strong command of languages. Riel was talented in catching the attention of his listeners through creating a sense of his importance. One notable thing about Riel was his understanding of dangers associated with engaging in physical wars despite his use of violent speeches. Majority of people living in the Red River knew Riel due to his popularity in engaging in matters of politics and religion (Thomas 1887, p. 35-67).1 Louis Riel and the Red River Rebellion In 1869, the Canadian government signed the Canadian Act of 1869, which introduced a provisional government for the colony in the Red River. This move by the Canadian government was not welcome by many settlers of the Red River. Riel was the fast to oppose the governmentââ¬â¢s move. Using his religious doctrines and political opinions, he challenged his fellow Half-breeds to stand strong and resist the Canadian authorities. The Half-breeds believed that the governmentââ¬â¢s move aimed at getting properties out of the Half-breeds living in Canada. The rebellion formed by Riel was done through mobilizing a few Half-breeds and instructing government surveyors to stop their work in the Red River (Lewis 2000, par. 1-25).2 After managing to stop the surveyors from carrying out their job, Riel and his group later seized Fort Garry, which held a company for military supplies and rifles. Later, a meeting for all Half-breeds living in Red River was convened, and people in attendance were convinced to adopt a proposed ââ¬Å"bill of rights.â⬠The proposed ââ¬Å"bill of rightâ⬠had fifteen provisions, which addressed the plight of the 2Half-breeds. When closing the convention, Riel proposed the formation of a provisional government, of which he would be the head. All this time, he was acting as the secretary general to a provisional government that believed to be in power after the inception of the rebellion. At one point, Riel warned people in Canadian authorities against intruding territories within the Red River (Lewis 2000, par. 1-25).2 Once the military operations within the seized Fort Garry came to an end, Riel became the master of the territory for close to six months. Settlers living in the Red River were in full support of Rielââ¬â¢s proposals, but his intentions of creating an independent government with him as the head left many settlers with a lot of questions. Many settlers thought that Riel had a strong will in fighting for the rights proposed in the ââ¬Å"bill of rightsâ⬠rather than calling for an independent republic. Furthermore, Riel showe d a lot of cruelty when dealing with people who opposed his ideas. He went to the extent of ordering the shooting of such people. At one time, Riel ordered for the shooting of an Orangeman of which it was later discovered that the shooting was motivated by personal differences. The shooting of the Orangeman aroused fellow Orangemen living in Upper Canada. The heightened mood in Upper regions of Canada caused the English government to interfere in the issue (Thomas 1887, p. 35-67).3 The colonial
Sunday, January 26, 2020
Software Engineering Ambiguities And Omission Computer Science Essay
Software Engineering Ambiguities And Omission Computer Science Essay Ambiguities and omission are statement that can be explained in number of ways. For example, the following statement is ambiguous. The operator identity consists of the operator name and password; the password consists of six digits. It should be displayed on the security vdu and deposited in the login file when an operator logs into the system. According to the question there are so many ambiguities and omission can be found in the given scenario. The main ambiguities and omission includes in given scenario as follows: The structured approach described in study text can be dividing as follows: Preface, introduction, glossary, user requirement definition, system architecture, system requirements specification, system models, system evolution, appendices, and index. The first category of structured approach is preface. In this stage should define the expected readership of the document and describe its version history, including a rationale for the creation of a new version and a summery of the changes made in each version.à [2]à In the second stage of structured approach is the introduction. In this stage this should describe the need for the system. There should be a brief explanation about its functions and will it works with other systems.Acooding to the given scenario the ticket machine is made for perches rail ticket quickly rather than waiting in the que to perches rail ticket. When the user enters the start button he can chooses the destination. After selecting the destination user can se e the availability of trains ,train time, what kind of trains available(slow or fast,overground or underground train).When the customer chooses the destination,train,and the time user can purchases the rail ticket by paying card or cash. In the next stage of the structured approach which is user requirement definition, needs to define the services provide for the user. User requirements can be explained as follows: When user enters the start button he should abele to see the destinations. When the destination chooses he should be abele to see the train time and the ticket price. If the customer confirms the selected destination he should be abele to pay by card or cash. If the customer wants purchases more than one ticket their should be a option to select the numbers of ticket .After that customer should abele to chooses the payment method (cash or card).If the customer user wants to pay by card he should abele to input the card. After input the card if the user change his mind and wants to pay by cash there must be option to cancel the payment method as a card and choose the payment method as cash. If the customer paid by cash change and receipt must be given. The next stage of structured approach involves to given scenario is system requirement specification. This should explain about the functional and non functional requirement s in detail. According to the system requirement the system should be able to display the destination when the user selects the start button. When the customer chooses the destination system should be abele to display the availability of trains, time.and price. If there are no trains for chosen time system should be abele to display the alternatives (eg; replacement bus services). When the customer selects the train the system should be abele display the payment method (cash or card).According to the scenario user can only pay by credit card or cash, but the system should be able to take debit cards as well. Because most people use r debit cards more than credit cards).If the user input a card before choosing the payment method or input a invalid card system should abele to displays the error massage. If user has been paid by cash system should able to gives the change back. After purchasing rail ticket by card or cash, the system should able to print the valid ticket to chosen destination and abele to provide the receipt for the payment which has been done? The next stage of the structured approach is System models, which has been don in question (e.) .The last stage which involves to given scenario is system evolution. This refers to the fundamental assumptions on which the system is based and anticipated changes due to hardware evolution, changing user needs.etc..(Eg: if the user wants to purchases the ticket online at home he should be able to log in to the system and purchases the train ticket. (c.)Write the user requirements definitions. The user requirements for a system could be divided to functional and non functional requirements, because it helps to the user to understand the system without technical knowledge. User requirements are defined using natural language, tables and diagrams as these can be understood by all users. There are so many problems can be generated when requirements are written in natural language. Lack of clarity It is something difficult to use language in a precise and unambiguous way without making the document wordy and difficult to read. Requirements confusion- Functional requirements, non-functional requirements, system goals and design information may be clearly distinguished. Requirements amalgamation- Several different requirements may be expressed together as a single requirement User requirements can be defined as: the software must provide a means of representing and accessing external files created by other tools.à [3]à According to the above scenario user requirements can be explained as follows. When the user presses the start button he should be able to choose the options (For example customer selecting a specific destination, the destination is in which zone, etc) When the customer chooses the destination user should be able to find out the train times and what kinds of trains (fast train or slow train, underground train or over ground train) are available for that time. If trains are not available or delays at that time user should be able to find out the alternatives such as when is the next train available?, Is there any replacement bus service available?, etc.. After choosing the destination, train and the train time, user should able to see the ticket price. User should able to choose the payment method (card payment or cash payment) to purchases the rail-ticket. If the user wants to pay by cash he should able to enter the cash and confirms the cash payment. After confirming the cash payment, rail ticket should be printed and receipt for the payment and change needs to be given. If the user wants to pay by card he should able to input the credit card or debit card and enter the validation pin. User should be able to get the rail ticket and the receipt after payment has been made. (d.)Write the system requirements specifications. System requirements are expanded versions of the user requirements that used by software engineers as the starting point of the system design.à [4]à Normally they add details and explain how the user requirements should be provided by the system. According to the given scenario software requirements can be highlight as follows: When the user enters the start button the system should be able display the destinations. When customer chooses the destination the system should be displayed the train availability, what kind of trains available (fast, slow train or over ground, underground) of chosen destination and the departures time. If there are no trains available at that time the system should able display saying that there are no trains available at chosen time enter the more option button to check the alternatives. When the alternatives selects system should be abele to display the alternatives(eg.take the replacement bus 472 towards London bride and take the northern line towards Morden -estimated time 1 hour and 32 minutes) If the trains available, after the choosing the destination and the departure time, the system should be able to display the ticket price for the all kinds of trains. For example if the user wants to take underground train within zone 1-6 the travel card will be à £6.30. When the customer selects the ticket type for the chosen destination the system should be able to display the payment method (pay by card or cash). If the customer chooses the payment method as cash system should display how much user needs to pay totally and also should display a massage saying input the cash for perches the ticket) When the customer input the cash the system should be able to charged exactly for the ticket price and change need to be given. Because most of the time users do not keep exact amount for the ticket.mostely they keep à £10 or à £20 notes. If the customer chooses the payment method as card he should confirmed the payment method as card and needs to input the card. When the customer enters the pin the system should abele to verify the card and take the money from users account, but the card is invalid there should be a error massage should be displayed saying you have entered a invalid card please enter the valid card. I f the validation is successful system should de abele to charge from uses account and provide the receipt. (e.)Draw a sequence diagram showing the actions performed in the ticket-issuing system. You may make any reasonable assumptions about the system. Pay particular attention to specifying user errors. Sequance diagram (f.)Write a set of non-functional requirements setting out its expected reliability and its response time. Requirements that are not directly concerned with the specific functions delivered by the system known as none functional system requirements. None functional requirements are not only concern with the software system to be developed, some may concern with the process that should be used to develop the system. There are three non-functional requirements. They are Product Requirements: Which specify the behaviour of the product? Ex: how fast are the system executed and how much memory dose it requires? Speed can be measured by processed transaction, event response time and screen refresh time. Organisational Requirements: requirements driven by polices and procedures in the customers and developers organisation. Ex implementation requirements such as the programming language or design method used. External requirements: Requirements that are driven from factors external to the system and its development process. Also the time that the user take to get familiar with the system and number of help forums that are available, robustness of the system , how much time it take to restart the system in case of a failure occurred. Reliability that measures mean time to failure. Rate of failure accuracy availability and portability of unavailability. Portability of percentage is non-functional requirements that are important when designing a ticket issuing system. (g.)Develop a set of use-cases that could serve as a basis for understanding the requirements for ticket-issuing system. Use Case (h.)Briefly describe the requirements validation process. Discuss all the checks that you have to perform to validate the above requirements in ticket-issue system. Requirement validation concern with the specification of the system that customer wants is functioning according to the requirements. Requirement validation also examines the specification to ensure that all software requirements have been stated unambiguously; that inconsistence, omission and errors have been identified and correct them. Following checks have been carried out on requirements Availability checks Since this is a ticketing system that is used by public. There are multiple users with multiple requirements. Therefore the requirement validation should be favourable for all users. However some users may find there requirements are fulfilled and some may not. Consistency Checks There should be no contradictory constrains or descriptions of the system function. Completeness Checks To check all the requirements have been achieved Realism Checks Once the requirements being gathered it is important to check that the system can be implemented with the current technologies and also it is possible to finish the project with the given time period with the allocated budget. Verifiability To reduce the potential of dispute between customer and contractor, system requirements should always be written so that they are referable (i.)Create a semantic data model for the above scenario. Data model (j.)What is the impact if when the customer pays cash, he is allowed not to have the exact amount? According to the given scenario if the user pays by cash he needs to pay the exact amount. For example if the rail ticket is à £6.30 user must pay exactly à £6.30.Specialy the cities like London most people dont carry change with them they keep à £5, à £10 or à £20 notes. It is a user requirement to get the change back if the user inserts cash more than exact amount. System should abele to give the change back. However in the real life most of the ticket machines, if you put cash you get the change back.
Saturday, January 18, 2020
Alumni Tracer System
The Alumni tracer is a System that even they are far from the schools, the schools can communicate with the graduate students and to know more about their experiences and their careers after finished their studies. Technology is a tool and method used in solving problems and to make the work easier. In our modern generation, almost everything around us is made-up of technology and the most developed gadget in our generation is the computer wherein almost everyone needs it. Students, Teacher, or even a simple user can do anything they want in computers. It can make to help us to make our work easier and faster. Every schools-universities or institutions are using computers. Some of schools wants to remember all those person who have been part of their society, thatââ¬â¢s why they want to know if the students from their school has a capability to compete their knowledge or skills to everyone and they want to know more about the students who are already graduated. College has always placed great emphasis on the importance of maintaining a close rapport with its alumni. In order to build and enhance the alumni network, the Alumni Affairs Office was established to act as an intermediary platform in bridging the gap between the College and its vast alumni members. It actively plays its role in maintaining a good relationship between the alumni and College as well as extending dynamic network between alumni from various School of Studies. The Alumni Affairs Office also plays an integral part in organizing various homecomings, thus effectively keeping the communication channel between the College and its alumni open, providing countless opportunities for its alumni in strengthening its networking ties and forging an everlasting bond of fellowship. Thus the researchers came up with an idea of creating an online alumni tracer. The Alumni Tracer is being used by several schools to conduct significant feedback, to reconnect graduates to their alma mater and to know the demographic profile of the employment record of the respondents. Several schools in the Philippines nowadays have been using it and integrate it through their official websites and/or alumni associationââ¬â¢s page.
Friday, January 10, 2020
Charging for Plastic Bags Essay
Nowadays, many billions of plastic bags have been using every year, and it seems to be increased more and more. According to Noland (2013), in the UK, the number of plastic has risen up to 5.4% in 2010 to 2011. Another statistic illustrates that 90 percent of plastic bags do not be reused or recycled (Bobby, 2013). This shows that people do not care much about the effect of plastic bags. Therefore, the government should intervene to solve this problem: to introduce a charge for plastic bags. Plastic bag is one of major environmental issues. It provides many disadvantages for environments, animals, and even humans, so people should be aware for using plastic bags. In order to reduce using plastic bags, the government has to make a law of charging for using them. According to Noland (2013), Ireland has definitely decreased 95 percent of using plastic bags since they had a plastic bag tax in 2002. Walesââ¬â¢ statistic shows that rate of plastic bags had reduced to 22 percent because of introduced charging (Noland, 2013). It means that this project can persuade or support consumers to not use a lot of plastic bags, so it can protect the environment. In the United States, people use 100 billion plastic bags a year (Bobby, 2013). A huge of people is using plastic bags, so another reason of charging for plastic bags is it is impossible to stop use plastic bags because people still need them in daily life for carrying things. Moreover, producing plastic bags is a part of businesses. This will hard to ban plastic bags. Hence, people who want to use plastic bags should pay for it so that the government can use money from charging or taxes for doing other things that are useful. Opponents of charging for plastic bags say that this project does not help much about saving the environment. There is a better way of solving this problem, including alternatives to plastic bags. People can reuse and recycle the bags. However, alternatives to plastic bags still give harmful for the environment. According to Bobby (2013), reusable plastic bags can cause a brains and kidneys problems. Even though paper bags can break down, it provides a gas that leads to global warming (Bobby, 2013). Bobby also refers that cloth bags are more harmful than plastic bags because people require trees for making bags (2013). As with most things, there are pros and cons of both sides, but, overall, to introduce a charge for plastic bags provides more advantages. It is certainty that charging for plastic bags can reduce people to not use plastic bags. Moreover, it is nothing to do with people who produce plastic bags because they cannot ban plastic bags anyway, so having a charity are more benefits that banning plastic bags.
Thursday, January 2, 2020
Internship Report on City Bank Limited - 18288 Words
1.1 Introduction Economic history shows that development has started everywhere with the banking system and its contribution towards financial development of a country is the highest in the initial stage. Schumpeter (1933) regarded the banking system as one of the two main agents (other being entrepreneurship) in the whole process of development. Keynes also emphasized the role of banking services in the process of economic development of a country, while SHE was addressing the House of Lords regarding International and Monetary System (quoted in Sharma 1985). Moreover Alexander Gerschenkron (1962) in his popularly known ââ¬Å"Gerschenkronââ¬â¢s Hypothesisâ⬠explained the banking system as the key role player at certain stage of theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Md. Abdul Halim, Senior Vice President Manager, CBL, BB Avenue Br. ïÆ'Ë Mr. A.S.M Shokrana, Vice President, PBL, BB Avenue Br. ïÆ'Ë Mr. Mohammad Mortaja, Senior Executive Officer, Credit Department, CBL,BB Avenue Br. ïÆ'Ë Md. Sohel Rana, Officer, Accounts Section. (b) Secondary sources (i) Annual report of City Bank Ltd. (ii) Files Folders (iii) Memos Circulars (iv) Daily diary (containing my activities of practical orientation) maintained by me, (v) Various publications on Bank, (vi) Websites, Different circulars sent by Head Office and Bangladesh Bank. 1.6 Limitations of the Report There were some problems while I have undergone the internship program. A wholehearted effort was applied to conduct the internship program and to bring a reliable and fruitful result. In spite of having the wholehearted effort, there exits some limitations, which acted as barrier. The limitations were --- ïÆ'Ë The study was limited only to the City Bank Limited, B.B. Avenue Branch. ïÆ'Ë Another Problem was time constraints. The duration of my internship Program was only two months. But this time is not enough for a complete and fruitful study. ïÆ'Ë The Bank was a busy one having heavy rush of people, whom officers need to deal with. So allocation ofShow MoreRelatedInclusive Study to Know the Prospective of Askari Bank Essay1537 Words à |à 7 PagesINTERNSHIP LETTER Ã¢â¬Æ' EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The inclusive study of Askari bank helps to suggest the organizational wide plans that verify the long run success of the organization, finding new ways to add value, flexibility, and developing unique skills and ideas to manage people. After studying one can simplify that how a bank can provide various products services to the customers in order to provide them best value. 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Wednesday, December 25, 2019
Essay on American Culture in the 1920s - 1151 Words
During the 1920ââ¬â¢s sometimes referred to as the Jazz Age, America was taking its last final steps from the traditional period to new era of modernization. It was a time in which American popular culture reshaped itself in response to the urban, industrial, consumer- oriented society America was becoming (Brinkley 641). In this reshape two sides stood in defense of their beliefs, the traditionalist who wanted America to stay the same or go back to the way it was. Rebelling against the new customs and morals of the urban middle class, they sought to defend older values. However, the new modernist looked forward to change; embracing the future and its fore coming traditions and ethics. During these time a mass consumer culture submerged,â⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Many Americans especially those living in urban areas challenged the rules and inhibitions of traditional public culture. They looked instead for freedom, excitement, and release (Brinkley 652). Motion pictures took America by storm, probably the most identified mass communication product at the time. Americans flocked to the movie theaters, with over 700 featured films produced a year during the 1920s to choose from, was more than ten times the number created by any other nation. Americans started to develop a night life, and there was nowhere to be more vigorously and visibly than in nightclubs. A dancing craze swept urban America, sending young people from out the house to dance halls filled with powerful pulsing new music and dazzling lights, to show off new clothes and hairstyles. Over 10 percent of the men and women between the ages of 17 and 40 in New York went dancing at least once a week. Thes e dance halls encouraged all kinds of uninhibited behaviors sexual dancing, drugs and alcohol. Flappers were women who smoked, wear seductive clothes, and makeup, often went to dance halls alone to find excitement and companionship. One event that impacted the 1920ââ¬â¢s was the upcoming movement in music, jazz. Equivalent to rock and roll in the 50ââ¬â¢s and 60ââ¬â¢s, and todayââ¬â¢s hip hop era, was said to have caused a lot of issues because of its African American background. One issue was young white kids would go out to Jazz Clubs and dance to jazz performed by blackShow MoreRelatedAmerican Culture Between The 1920 S2083 Words à |à 9 PagesEver since Thomas Edison invented the Kinetiscope in 1894, films have been reaching its way to the heart of American culture. Since the roaring twenties, where the United States began to see the first movie theaters to the 1960ââ¬â¢s, where films are officially a source of leisure and escape from reality. Films influenced American culture between the 1920ââ¬â¢s through 1960ââ¬â¢s by becoming an increasingly popular form of leisure for years to come while causing scandals, riots, and movements about films orRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fi tzgerald1138 Words à |à 5 Pages The Roaring 20ââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"There are only the pursued, the pursuing, the busy and the tired.â⬠(F. Scott Fitzgerald. The Great Gatsby). This is a famous quote from Fitzgerald because this is what the 1920ââ¬â¢s was about.The American Dream was about working hard for what you want and this quotes sums it up. Everybody in the 1920ââ¬â¢s worked hard for what they had and wanted. The 1920ââ¬â¢s was a time to remember. The 1920ââ¬â¢s was known by so many names. For example the Jazz Age, Flappers, the ââ¬ËNewâ⬠Women andRead MoreThe United States Of America Hit An All Time Low During The Roaring 20 s With The Presence Of954 Words à |à 4 PagesCinevert 1 Outline The United States Of America hit an all-time low during the Roaring 20ââ¬â¢s with the presence of prohibition and organized crime. I. The Jazz Age Jazz Music Dance Appliances II. The New Women KKK Flappers 19th Amendment III. 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The advantages of t his time period did outweigh the bad, which is why the 1920ââ¬â¢s are called the ââ¬Å"roaring twenties.â⬠Womenââ¬â¢s rolesRead More Paris in the 1920ââ¬â¢s ââ¬â ââ¬Å"The Lost Generationâ⬠Essay1084 Words à |à 5 PagesParis in the 1920ââ¬â¢s ââ¬â ââ¬Å"The Lost Generationâ⬠Between the end of the First World War and Hitlers seizure of power a cultural explosion occurred in Paris that altered our notions of art and reality and shaped our way of viewing the world ever since. In the 1920s, Paris became the undisputed international capital of pleasure and was regarded as the cultural and artistic center of Europe with a reputation for staging one of its most glamorous eras, as well as some of the most spectacularRead More Italian Immigrants in America Essay1350 Words à |à 6 Pagescentury and finally during the 1920ââ¬â¢s, the United States began to restrict immigrants from coming to their country, mostly for cultural and economic reasons.à Even the immigrants that were allowed in during the 20ââ¬â¢s faced many hardships such as religious persecution, racism, and xenia phobia.à One of the major groups of immigrants during that time was the Italians, but did the Italian immigrants experiences typify the overall immigrant experience during the 1920ââ¬â¢s?à From the research I have compiledRead MoreMusic During The 1920 S1609 Words à |à 7 PagesMusic in the 1920ââ¬â¢s The Jazz Age was a cultural movement that took place in America during the 1920 s (also known as the Roaring Twenties) from which both jazz music and dance emerged. This movement matched with both the equally phenomenal introduction of mainstream radio and the conclusion of World War I. The 1920s was the decade that marked the beginning of the modern music era. Some of the popular music genres were Jazz, Dance Bands, Blues, and Broadway. The decade marked the beginning ofRead MoreChapter 31 Essential Questions Essay1072 Words à |à 5 Pagesand why did America turn toward domestic isolation and social conservatism in the 1920s? Americans turned toward domestic isolation and social conservatism in the 1920s because of the red scare. Many people used the red scare to break the backs of all struggling unions. Isolationist Americans had did not have a lot of hope in the 1920s. There began to be a large amount of immigrants flowing into the US. During 1920-1921, over 800,000 immigrants had come. This type of immigration was known as the
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